Tissue engineering is a rapidly growing research field, potentially capable of de novo tissue and organ construction. This approach is used to improve efficiency both in the tissue and cell culture. This method is required to provide bodies in vivo three-dimensional conditions outside of the body (ex vivo). To achieve this goal, given tissue cells are cultured on the tissue engineering scaffolds. These are structures with on extracellular matrix materials on which different treatments are performed. Initially, they were only used to deliver drugs and hormones, but further investigations revealed their ability to preserve, protect and even transfer cells into the body. Now widespread employment of scaffolds for organ transplantation is in a rapid progress. To improve the organ transplantation materials and structures similar to the target tissues areused. Applying scaffolds for cell reproduction is an ongoing research aimed to increase the efficiency of three-dimensional culture. This goal necessitates the simulation of bodies internal environment which is provided by simultaneous culture of target cells with stromal cells. Present review is a comprehensive study of available information in connection with main aspects of scaffolding. It primarily includes their history, materials and types, scaffolding construction methods and their applications in medicine as well as tissue engineering.

Mathematical models for optimization are well developed in the last four decades. One of these models is the Quadratic Assignment Model in which the objective function has a quadratic form with respect to the variables. This model is often employed in combinatorial optimization, and has already been used for facility layout optimization in factories. In this paper the above model is modified in two directions. First of all it is used for facility layout optimization of civil engineering construction sites. Secondly the effect of slopes in roads for transportation is included.

The tendency of human life to engineering and technology and advanced technologies is undoubtedly taking shape. Many people tend to use useful and efficient technologies, electronic technologies and engineering structures that are evolving and advancing day by day. How good it is for different human societies to become acquainted with the technological achievements and ideas of different societies. If a suitable environment leads to the aggregation of ideas internationally, this will create scientific organization, which is very clear that this action should be The sooner it happens. Therefore, the establishment of an international headquarters or headquarters under the auspices of international organizations and forums such as the United Nations, it seems very necessary. It is good that the respected professors of universities, research institutes and institutions of higher education are taking steps in this direction. I hope that one day this happy event will happen and that the technical and engineering elite community will reach a global consensus. There are many discussions and articles about engineering and intelligence and the application of applications in life, reading such articles gives a new vision and worldview and a new perspective to great engineers.

Nowadays, Iranian designers, contractors and government agents encounter with great deal of problems in their construction projects. The main reasons of the occurring problems can be incorrect designing, perplexity of technology, variety of expertise needed, great deal of activities and number of stakeholders engaged. For these reasons, the project are not usually completed in due time and in the mount of the predicted cost scope. Value engineering (VE) is a problem solving method (PSM) based on the systematic job plan and creativity. VE aims at reviewing the project and identifying the opportunity of saving project cost and time. Regretfully, in the same cases, VE is not adjusted with needs, specifications and limits of project construction and that cannot remove the problems. This paper can use concepts and techniques of total quality management (tqm) for developed VE structure and increase its effect on construction project. To create a new model, first, VE, TQM and problem of construction project were reviewed. Next, using other accomplished researches in this field of study, development potentials of VE was identified. Finally, a new model was issued based on the studies.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and classify the relationships between the factors that influence the value engineering use in the Iranian construction industry. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated and verified by a team of Iranian construction industry experts. In this research, in addition to value engineering, project risk management requirements and the nature (nature) of the project were used in the conceptual model that improved the performance of value engineering workshops. Interpretive structural modeling method was used to classify the component relationships. Based on the interpretive structural model, the components of expert advice from value engineering team members, "savings rate", "return on investment", "value engineering team leader's satisfaction with the value engineering results" were at the highest level. The purpose of this research is to investigate and classify the relationships between the factors that influence the value engineering use in the Iranian construction industry. Value engineering is a systematic way of achieving project goals. This process is done by evaluating the objectives of the project and how to achieve them. Value engineering strives to improve design while reducing costs and time, increasing the value of the products in question, with the goal of maximizing efficiency and effectiveness in construction and construction projects. So all of these factors will result in us controlling our costs as much as possible.

Switching to Modern Project Management (MPM) is an inevitable action for all organizations that deal with planning or project execution. Growth of project-oriented organizations during the last 40 years, based on the Harold Kerzner’s classification, is divided into three eras: traditional, renaissance, and modern. In this theoretical framework, all organizations including project-oriented, non project-oriented, and hybrid organizations in each era, need specific purposes and methods in planning and managing projects. In this regard, different results may be predicted. Effective management style in each era has also clear distinction respect to the other eras. In this paper, by means of conducting an empirical research, theoretical developments in project management in nine large Iranian project-oriented organizations mostly operating in the field of oil, gas, and petrochemical industries, has been examined. Studies show that the necessity of applying appropriate criteria in decision making, and problem solving based on suitable performance reports, as two critical indices, is sufficiently understood while some structural difficulties and power conflicts are real problems in the dimension of authority relations in the organizations. The result of this research shows that there is an overall status of organizations located in the passage of renaissance to modern era.

The state of construction design has a significant impact on increasing the building value and employers try increasing the building value by improving the design. An Employer has two methods to achieve this. The first method is selecting a qualified designing consultant and handing over the design responsibilities and the second method is generating various design alternatives through methods such as Value engineering. In the second method, considering the specific needs of the employer.and focusing on value and group thinking allows the production of better design alternatives. Meanwhile because of the various design suggestions, it requires defining criteriato evaluate these alternatives. The Following criteria were obtained through library studies and interviews with architecture and civil university lecturers: Saving energy, Accessibility, Complying with the employers wishes, Plan Efficiency, Stability, Safety, Beauty, Human Function, Developability, Feasibility, Initial cost, Lifecycle cost, Environment, and Optimal use of land. In the end, the results of a Value engineering workshop in a sample project are stated.